TABLE 5.4

Carbon-Based Nanomaterials Used for Signal Enhancement for Lab-on-Chip Devices in Various Applications

Nanomaterial/Electrode

Applications

Types of sensors

Detection

technique

Linear range

LOD

Reference

SWCNT/AuNPs/Chitosan/Si

Chip

Glucose biosensor

Electrochemical

Biosensor

Amperometric

0.017–0.81 mM

5.6 µM

[ 29]

Graphene/AuNPs/chitosan/

Aptamer/PDMS microfluidic

Aptamer Biosensor

Electrochemical

Biosensor

DPV

100 pM–3.5 nM

100 pM

[ 30]

Graphene-TiN NF/NaR enzyme/

Si chip

Nitrite ions Enviromental

sensor

Electrochemical

Biosensor

Amperometric

0.01–442 mg/L

0.01 mg/L

[ 31]

Graphene-nTiO2/anti- ErbB2

antibodied/glass PDMS

microfluidic

Breast cancer

Immunosensor

Electrochemical

Biosensor

Impedance and

Voltammetric

1 fM–0.1 µM;

1 pM–0.1 µM

–

[ 32]

MWCNTs-thionine-AuNP

composites/paper microfluidic

17β-estradiol Hormone

Immunosensor

Electrochemical

Immunosensor

DPV

0.01–100 ng mL−1

10 pg mL−1

[ 33]

CNT−NiO/ANtibody/ PDMS

microfluidic

Low-density lipoprotein

detection

Electrochemical

Biosensor

Impedance

spectroscopic

5−120 mg/dL

0.63 mg/dL

[ 34]

SWNCTs-FET/Si Chip

Coronavirus 2 (SARS-

CoV-2)

Field effect transistor

Biosensor

Source-drain

current

0.1 fg/mL–5.0 pg/mL

4.12 fg/mL

[ 35]

CNT-FET

Detecting SARS-CoV-2

Field effect transistor

Biosensor

Field effect

transistor

–

10 fM

[ 36]

86

Bioelectronics